Today I'm gonna show off my inner Cryptology nut. As I show you how awesome three letters can be. These three letters are RSA and are the base for some of the most secure systems in the world. These are so secure they can be used in place of passwords (They are in SSH). The question you are probably thinking is "What is RSA and what does it do", well the answer is quite simple it encrypts (The process of encoding a message so that it can be read only by the sender and the intended recipient) information. This would turn the word "test" into
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA1
- -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
Version: GnuPG v2
hQEMA/1IrlGjq8OlAQf+M5ML+aP5FZ3FwcSjWng3CvKFIPEPkXXqN/uVGCR86BBS
S2lW6OUaDPEE/43K0zYYpZx9Y0eB4oEgwGQ6Ct5FTwHaSR0Nof8qItakucv1LddG
e3QaWFCDqGm/vT/MJbpy/4G1qHl6PndYGtvEkrEM1YGrsyrpTNaELQnaT7Ghs7pN
1eimCwBYoTifEmt0iaQk9k/hNfR85WmCk03Gb+wPcZt/u+TzuzBN14g04x6dJvg3
2F+qbobsQDw2LyJd9+0H6/uSJCqAXsKU7jHiAimV1IoIaPmScFyaHf9QKD6GKiDh
K4nw6Mdt3lxxWpI3Eu48G0Xw/otPSxEsqF7mPsl6A9I/AcoZPQRuX4vRHnX2gel4
7nKguFto1uZNBqlvWNvo2MVOVcYEzULv6n2HkYsy667Q+0PjuqzA1xDfkRhI6nvm
=Hnoa
- -----END PGP MESSAGE-----
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v2
iQEcBAEBAgAGBQJUGgGcAAoJEP6UBY8m42UYZJAH/1xoZ5ZL/I27dTQC2xU0n2LP
eAivtk/GyVqvXw8KMu/mydlf8+YrKVDf9aewMygmN/6/9h/7KTUkWYPEAHip6CXp
5hkfRzxfYCbA4JP8ZugpfCVs1RGeiBSYx5SE0vr01j4UzcfYPq9a3S+Pt4B7CrRG
1dL1b2upbWctj/qI1bCa3GfTZQkM9gzWQwltG+MBY09TchLVFTCR8vdMWPxlUqcK
0O8Mly6v2UgtEVzATOGubOyrZbEbYH1CX2wDApk/1ud36ultCKUByhrhfnU2BEtY
9WUGqaUzMmFrO9AlZG2wQvyAbDqOckTipjQgwYV5cQTX5CwRUA47AZ7yjHrQt5c=
=LFBO
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
This also includes a signature to ensure the data has not been tampered with.
How it works (Basic)
This is a basic rundown without the complex math involved. It requires two very large primes numbers, times them together and then does MANY math functions and runs them through a equation.
Why is this different:
This is a non-linear way of encrypting, before this there was 1 key for encrypting and decrypting. This key had to be keept secret yet somehow exchanged between the two computers without anyone getting it. This algorithm uses two keys one that can only encrypt, and one that can only decrypt. A public and private key, public encrypts and a private decrypts.
How it works (In practice)
You send your public key, then they send theirs. You then send all data encrypted with their public key. Because it requires the private key to decrpyt, only the person who gave you the public key can read the message.
I love RSA, it changed the world. If you wish to know more
read the wiki 
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